ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ืกื•ืจื’ื•ื˜

4.6 / 5

ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ 802 ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื•ืช

ื—ืคืฉ ืจื›ื‘ ืฉื›ื•ืจ ื‘ืกื•ืจื’ื•ื˜
ืžืื™ืคื” ืœืืกื•ืฃ
ื”ื—ื–ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืžื™ืงื•ื ืื—ืจ
ื‘ื—ืจ ืชืืจื™ืš
ืชืืจื™ืš ื—ื–ืจื”
ื”ื—ื–ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืžื™ืงื•ื ืื—ืจ
ืžื˜ื‘ืข:

ืกื•ืจื’ื•ื˜ ืจื›ื‘ ืœื”ืฉื›ืจื” - ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ื ืกื™ืขื•ืช

ื”ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืœื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืกื•ืจื’ื•ื˜

ย ืžืชืžื—ื” ื‘ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืกื•ืจื’ื•ื˜.
ืื ื• ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ื‘ืžืจื•ื›ื– ืืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืžืจื•ื‘ ืกื•ื›ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื•ืจื’ื•ื˜ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ืœืš ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื” ื•ืœื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืืžืช. ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื‘ืขืฆืžืš ืืฆืœ ืื™ื–ื” ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืจื›ื‘ ืœื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืฉื•ื•ืืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื•ืฆื™ื™ ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืœืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ื›ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช.

ื”ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืœื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืกื•ืจื’ื•ื˜ย ืžืฆื™ื’ ืœืคื ื™ืš ืืช ื›ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ื•ื’ื ืžื ื”ืœ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจืšย ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ืขื ื”ืกื•ื›ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกื•ืจื’ื•ื˜ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืœืš ืืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ื•ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื–ืืช ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ืงื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืจื’ื•ื˜.ื›ืš ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื ื• ืœื“ืขืช ืฉื”ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื•ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื ื•ื’ืข ืœื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืกื•ืจื’ื•ื˜. ื‘ืชื•ืš ืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžย 3 ื“ืงื•ืช ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื•ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื”ื–ืžื ืชืš ื‘ืกื•ืจื’ื•ื˜ ื•ื–ืืช ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืชื’ืœื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ื•ืœื™ื ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ื”ื–ืžื ื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ืžืกื•ื›ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘.

ืกื•ืจื’ื•ื˜, ืจื•ืกื™ื”

ืกื•ืจื’ื•ื˜ ื”ื™ื ืขื™ืจ ื”ืžืžื•ืงืžืช ื‘ืžื—ื•ื– ื—ืื ื˜ื™-ืžื ืกื™ ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื”. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœื” ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื•ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื‘ื”ืคืงืช ื”ื ืคื˜ ื•ื”ื’ื– ืฉืœื”. ื”ืขื™ืจ ืžืžื•ืงืžืช ืขืœ ื ื”ืจ ืื•ื‘ ื•ืžื•ืงืคืช ื‘ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืช. ื–ื”ื• ื™ืขื“ ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ ืœืชื™ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืคื™ื• ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื•ื”ืื˜ืจืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช.

ืžื–ื’ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ

ืœืกื•ืจื’ื•ื˜ ืืงืœื™ื ืชืช ืืจืงื˜ื™, ืขื ื—ื•ืจืคื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ื•ืงืจื™ื ื•ืงื™ืฅ ืงืฆืจ ื•ื—ืžื™ื. ื‘ืงื™ืฅ, ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ื ืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ 15 ืœ-25 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฆืœื–ื™ื•ืก (59 ืขื“ 77 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฆืœื–ื™ื•ืก). ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฃ, ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืจื“ืช ืœ-25ยฐC (-13ยฐF). ืฉืœื’ ื™ื•ืจื“ ืžืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ ืขื“ ืืคืจื™ืœ.

ืื˜ืจืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช

ืœืกื•ืจื’ื•ื˜ ื™ืฉ ืื˜ืจืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœืชื™ื™ืจื™ื. ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืœืžืกื•ืจืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช, ื”ืื ื“ืจื˜ื” ืœื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ื•ื”ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื™ ืฉืœ ืกื•ืจื’ื•ื˜. ืื˜ืจืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช ืืช ืคืœื ื˜ืจื™ื•ื Surgut, ื’ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช Surgut ื•ืคืืจืง ื”ืขื™ืจ.

ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช

ื”ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืจื’ื•ื˜ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช. ืืœื” ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ื“ื™ื’, ืฆื™ื“ ื•ืฉื™ื™ื˜ ื‘ื ื”ืจ ืื•ื‘. ื™ืฉื ื ื’ื ืคืืจืงื™ื ื•ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืœื˜ื™ื•ืœื™ื ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ื•ืจื›ื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื”ื—ืœืงื” ืขืœ ื”ืงืจื— ื•ืกืงื™ ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฃ. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื™ืฉื ื ืžืกืคืจ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืงื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืกืขื“ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจ.

ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ

ื‘ืกื•ืจื’ื•ื˜ ื™ืฉ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืœื™ื ื” ืœืชื™ื™ืจื™ื. ืžืœื•ื ื•ืช, ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืืจื—ื” ื•ืื›ืกื ื™ื•ืช ื–ืžื™ื ื™ื ื›ื•ืœื. ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืืœื—ื•ื˜ื™ ื—ื™ื ื, ืžื™ื–ื•ื’ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื•ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื—ื“ืจื™ื 24 ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ืžืžื”. ื™ืฉ ื’ื ื›ืžื” ืืชืจื™ ืงืžืคื™ื ื’ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ.

ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืื• ืœื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื‘ื”

ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื ืกื•ืข ืœืกื•ืจื’ื•ื˜ ื”ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื™ืกื”. ืœืขื™ืจ ื™ืฉ ืฉื“ื” ืชืขื•ืคื” ืžืฉืœื”, ื ืžืœ ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืกื•ืจื’ื•ื˜, ื”ืžืฆื™ืข ื˜ื™ืกื•ืช ืœืขืจื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื” ื•ืžื—ื•ืฆื” ืœื”. ื™ืฉื ื ื’ื ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืก ื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืกื“ื™ืจื™ื ืœืกื•ืจื’ื•ื˜ ื•ืžืžื ื•. ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืœื” ื”ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ื‘ืขืฆืžื, ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ื–ืžื™ื ื”.

ืงืจื ืขื•ื“

ื—ืœืง ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืœื ื• ื–ืžื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืกื•ืจื’ื•ื˜

ืื ื• ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืกื•ืจื’ื•ื˜:

    • 4
    • 4
    • 4
    • 4
    • 4
    7.2 (1516)
    ื”ื—ืœ ืžืžื—ื™ืจ $ 7 /ื™ึฐื•ึนื
    • 4
    • 4
    • 4
    • 4
    • 4
    7.1 (1928)
    ื”ื—ืœ ืžืžื—ื™ืจ $ 67 /ื™ึฐื•ึนื

ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ืœื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ ืกื•ืจื’ื•ื˜

๏ปฟืื ื• ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ืืช ืžื™ืงื•ืžื™ ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ื‘ืื™ื ื‘- ืกื•ืจื’ื•ื˜